The Enlightentment of Age of Reason Sparked Change

The Enlightenment brought new thinking, making people closely examine the world around them, which sparked change. Also known, as the Age of Reason there was a questioning of authority as people became enlightened and this caused new thoughts such as liberalism, conservatism, skepticism, and Francis Bacon’s empiricism brought over from the scientific revolution. The Enlightenment was a maturity of mankind to higher level thinking, not just following the status quo. It was a raise in education against established traditions and beliefs, which caused a huge shift from the social norms of society to using reason and logic to disclaim previous ideas. There is a growth of optimism that the human race will become educated about the social and physical environment, finding new information through reason and logic to become enlightened. Although there was a focus on logic and reason, there was also a look towards economics with British enlightened thinker Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations. Fighting for public, as well as private interest, maximizing private incomes and the nations wealth. There was many ways that the scientific revolution impacted the Enlightenment, but the most important was it caused a social change towards established principles with logic and reason. This caused the abolition of slavery, changed thought from religious to scientific and paved the way for the start of women’s equality. As philophes became educated they saw a human inequality with slavery.

Salem Witchcraft Trials The Salem Witch Trials - 1723 Words

Jaida Christensen Mrs. Gilman 7-8 Advanced LA 4 May 2015 Salem Witchcraft Trials The Salem Witch Trials took place in colonial Massachusetts within modern day town Danvers and continued from sixteen ninety-two to sixteen ninety-three. The â€Å"Witchcraft Craze† rippled throughout Europe and included the events at Salem Village. This craze lasted from the thirteen hundreds to the sixteen hundreds and was caused by many religious reasons. More than two hundred people were accused of witchcraft, the â€Å"devil’s magic,† and twenty were executed in Salem Town. Overall tens of thousands of accused witches and warlocks were executed. The colony admitted the trials were a mistake and were a combination of paranoia and injustice. In sixteen eighty-nine, what is now known as the King William’s War destroyed Upstate New York, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. Refugees from the war were sent to the colonies, mostly Salem Village. All of the displaced people in the small town put a burden on the town’s resources. Many confl icts appeared all while a new Governor was voted for, Governor Phipps. Many townspeople disliked the new Governor and the citizens continued to fight. Villagers who lived the Puritan lifestyle believed the Devil had caused all of the recent bickering. The minister’s daughter began having fits and the doctors blamed this on the supernatural. There were three women who were accused and interrogated. Two out of the three pleaded innocence while the third admitted to contact with theShow MoreRelatedSalem Witch Trials : Witchcraft Trials1726 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Trials Flaming sermons, bewitched girls, accusations being thrown here and there, and executions terrified colonists during the Salem witch trials. The Salem witch trials are well known, but they are not the first in America and are very small compared to other witch hunts. In 1648 Margaret Jones was hanged for witchcraft in Massachusetts (Brooks). In Europe 110,000 people were questioned during the 1300s to the 1700s, and 40,000 to 60,000 people were executed (New World Encyclopedia)Read MoreSalem Witch Trials : Witchcraft Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesSalem Witch Trials Witchcraft has been around since the B.C. era, but erupted in the late 1600s. It began in Europe and eventually made its way to the New World. Witchcraft is believing in and the use of practical magic, such as casting spells, calling on spirits, or predicting the future. Witchcraft is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word, â€Å"wicce,† meaning wise. Therefore, it translates into â€Å"craft of the wise.† Wise people were those who were familiar with natures’ forces and were educated when itRead MoreWitchcraft Trials And The Salem Witch Trials893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem witchcraft trials took place in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The news of witches began to spread in Salem when a group of young girls gathered together in the kitchen of the Reverend Samuel Parris with his Indian slave named Tituba to experiment with witchcraft. After these young girls began to portray unusual behavior the village doctor came to the scene and diag nosed the girls to be possessed by the devil. The news of the presence of witches spread throughoutRead MoreWomen Accused Of Witchcraft During The Salem Witch Trials1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe women accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials were targeted due to their physical appearance. Any mark that may be seen as unusual on a women could easily convict her. The most common sight was often found through physical examinations of there convicted women. It became known as â€Å"the devil’s mark†. The devils mark is described as â€Å"a tangible sign left by the devil of his compact with the witch,partly to provide physical evidence that could be used in court† (Pavlac 72). MeaningRead MoreThe Salem Witchcraft Trial : A New Interpretation Of The New England Witch Trial1066 Words   |  5 Pages11/9/2017 The Salem Witchcraft Trial A fever in Salem: A new interpretation of the New England witch trial. (84) According to the article in the seventeen centuries people would experience all kinds of symptoms that were unmoral. Twisted joints, their vision would become blurry, teeth marks on their body’s would appear and even been capable to bark like a dog. But most imported causing them death. And all of this because they believed someone was doing witch craft to them. On 1692 theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Witchcraft And Magic Were Two Ideas1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials transpired from 1692 to 1693 resulting with many imprisonments; yet, only twenty deaths. The witch frenzy materialized from the allegations of a group of young girls claiming to be possessed by supernatural forces. Yet, the people accused of being witches in Salem, Massachusetts did not practice witchcraft. The Puritans were falsely accused of sorcery which can be proven through many theories and the false credibil ity of legal evidence. The lifestyle of the Puritans mayRead More Comparing the Salem Witch Trials, European Witchcraft Craze and the McCarthy Hearings1708 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Salem Witch Trials, European Witchcraft Craze and the McCarthy Hearings The evidence of witchcraft and related works has been around for many centuries. Gradually, though, a mixture a religious, economical, and political reasons instigated different periods of fear and uncertainty among society. Witchcraft was thought of as a connection to the devil that made the victim do evil and strange deeds. (Sutter par. 1) In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and twentieth century, the hysteria overRead MoreThe Witch Trials : Witchcraft And The Devil Swept Through The Little Salem Village1589 Words   |  7 Pagesyear was 1692, when terror of witchcraft and the devil swept through the little Salem village. When the trials came about people turned on their enemies and even family turned on other family members with accusations of witchcraft. Throughout this process many people were hung or stoned to death because they were found guilty of having relations with the devil or for not admitting to witchcraft. Many books and articles have been published about the Salem witch trials but most of them were writtenRead MoreRelationship between McCarthyism, Saudi Arabias War on Witchcraft, Moral Panic that Occured in Christian Nations and the Salem Witch Trials682 Words   |  3 Pagesstriking resemblance to one another. The first topic is McCarthyism which centers on the Red scare in the 1950’s. Second is Saudi Arabia’s War on Witchcraft which is what the name implies an inter-regional hunt for anything witchlike. Third is the Moral Panic that occurred mostly in Christian nations at the time. Fourth and final is The Salem Witch Trials which was in-link to moral panic due to both centering on absurd hysteria amongst a populace. Though many at the time and even now viewed these actsRead MoreWitchcraft : The Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1219 Words   |  5 PagesWitchcraft is the use of magical powers. Witchcraft is often regarded as â€Å"black† magic. The article called â€Å"The Salem Witch Trials: 1692-1693† states that â⠂¬Å"[s]ince the early fifteenth century, so-called witch panics had periodically swept across Europe, causing witch hunts, accusations, trials and executions† (â€Å"Salem† 1). Although some children and males were accused, the greater part of the arraigned individuals were female (â€Å"Salem† 1). A debatable amount of around forty thousand individuals were

Discuss the importance of inarticulateness/silence/taciturnity Essay Example For Students

Discuss the importance of inarticulateness/silence/taciturnity Essay Il ma dabord dit quon me di peignait comme i tant dun caracti re taciturne et renfermi et il a voulu savoir ce que jen pensais. Jai ri pondu:Cest que je nai jamais grand-chose i dire. Alors je me tais. Towards the end of LEtranger, Meursault is told that he is considered to be taciturn and withdrawn. This taciturnity appears to be a somewhat central theme to the book, not only in the character of Meursault but also in the writing style of Camus. Throughout the book, there are examples of silence and inarticulateness, be they a deliberate, conscious part of the stylistics or just part of a Meursaults character. Firstly, Camus has written LEtranger using very vague and ambiguous language. The sentence structure is very simple and unrevealing, everything is a case of, I did this, then I did that, then this happened, an almost childlike report or diary. Meursault takes the stance of simply reporting these impressions, without attempting to create a coherent story from them. (David Anderson) This writing style encourages the reader to look deeper into what is being reported and explore the different possibilities of meaning. The reader then has the opportunity to become the consciousness of Meursault. This gives the book a greater variability, as each and every reader will have a different consciousness, thus giving the book a different slant. During Part One of LEtranger, there are several occasions that highlight Meursaults refusal to lie or waste time reflecting on the real meaning of things. He will often reply to questions with I dont mind or something equally as non-committal or opinion free. il ma demandi encore si je voulais i tre son copain. Jai dit que i a mi tait i gal Raymond is asking Meursault to be his friend, rather than saying that he would like it, Meursault simply say that he doesnt mind. This could be seen as rude but it is simply Meursaults personality. It doesnt really matter to him whether he becomes friends with Raymond or not, and he is not going to lie about it. After Raymond has a run in with the police, he asks Meursault what he expected him to do. Meursault had not wasted time thinking about this and had no particular opinion and does not pretend otherwise. Jai ri pondu que je nattendrais rien du tout Despite his inarticulateness, Mersault is highly likeable and most people find it easy to get on with him. Rather than dislike his silence, he is actually given respect for it. When Ci leste is asked in court about Meursault, he comments about his taciturnity and says that he is, renfermi and that he, ne parlays pas pour ne rien dire. For Meursault, silence is very important. It creates for him some kind of emotional intensity, seen several times in LEtranger. Firstly when he is keeping the vigil for his mother, he and the friends sit together in silence. Then again when he meets Marie at the baths, Je sentais le ventre de Marie batter doucement. Nous sommes resti s longtemps sur la boui e, i moitii endormis. , it is probably fair to say that if she had tried to talk to him the situation would have been far less enjoyable for him. When Meursault and Raymond become friends, Raymond sits in silence watching him. This is also quite an intense moment for Raymond, and is the start of the situation that leads him to murder. The reverse of this, when he is placed into a noisy, intimidating situation like when Marie goes to visit him in prison and he is moved from the silence of his cell to the intense noise of the visiting room, he feels incredibly uncomfortable and almost scared. Quand je suis entri , le bruit des voix qui rebondissaient contre les grands murs nus de la salle, la lumii re crue qui coulait du ciel sur les vitres et rejaillissait dans la salle me causi rent une sorte di .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 , .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .postImageUrl , .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 , .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:hover , .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:visited , .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:active { border:0!important; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:active , .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817 .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5e0f4ea471deb6ae900eebc0183c817:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poetry of Judith Wright Essaytourdissement. Ma cellule i tait plus calme et plus sombre. Mesault himself comments whilst in prison about his contentment at being alone and his uncommunicativeness, when he realises that he would be quit happy living in the trunk of a tree without anything to do but look up at the sky. For me, if Meursault were anymore outspoken or forthright, the book would have taken on a completely different meaning. As it is, you have to judge Meursault and his behaviour, but since he does not like to give his opinion often, or try and defend himself, this is difficult. One could think of him as strange, a reject and an outsider and judge him as that, or you accept him as a truly honest man who loves simple pleasures and works quite hard. Personally, at times, I find his inability or lack of desire to express a strong opinion quite frustrating, but all the same I find myself empathising with him. What is the point in expressing an opinion when it makes no real difference whether you do or you dont? I dont think his silence is caused by a conscious decision not to speak, more a refusal to lie, even to make his life easier. As Camus himself says in 1955, he refuses to lie. Lying is not only saying what isnt true. It is also, in fact especially, saying more than is true and, in the case of the human heart, saying more than one feels. We all do it, every day, to make life simpler. Meursault cannot be accused of ever saying more than he feels; when Marie asks if he loves he, being totally honest and chancing losing her, he says cela ne voulait nen dire, mais quil me semblait que non. Nor can he be accused of trying to make life easier for himself, even in the courtroom he voluntarily admits to things that could damage his case. When asked if he had anything to say in his defence after the testimony of the caretaker, Meursault simply says, Rien, ai-je ri pondu, seulement que le ti moin a raison. Il est vrai que je lui ai offert une cigarette. Its is clear that taciturnity is a highly important feature of Camuss LEtranger since it plays such a central role in influencing the readers ideas and opinions of Meursault and the events of the book. Without such silence the books would be a simple story of murder and the consequences, rather than a fascinating insight into a truly honest man. Word Count: 1000 Beth Mepstead Furness College.

Sports Leader Essay Example

Sports Leader Essay There are excellent leaders in sport like Mike Krzyzewski who influence their teams to strive hard towards goals. On one side they drive their teams towards performance, excellence and winning, on the other side they show empathy towards every team member. The personalities of such leaders are built on the substratum of grit, determination and integrity. However, the current events in sports expose a number of unethical practices and incidents. These are related to winning at all costs. Even though unethical behavior cannot entirely be eliminated, efficient and professional sports management can go a long way in improving the health of sports.The leadership skills of Mike Krzyzewski, the head coach of the USA Basketball Men’s Senior National Team comprise of task oriented as well as people oriented skills. Specifically, Krzyzewski’s skills are more task oriented. He is the first collegiate coach to be appointed the head coach. His task-oriented skills are apparent from the three national championships Duke won in 1991, 1992 and 2002. He is personally a confident, self-controlled and disciplined person who quickly becomes a role model for the persons he mentors. He has excellent knowledge not only about the game but also about the methods that players should use to improve their own performance. He is highly determined and internally motivated and he induces the same determination and enthusiasm in the players he coaches. This has produced results. The players he has mentored have earned National Player of the Year honors eight times, claimed National Defensive Players of the Year honors eight times, and been named All-American 31 times (Brill. B, 2004).The challenge Krzyzewski faces now is that the USA Basketball Men’s Senior National Team he coaches will participate in the 2007 FIBA Americas Olympic Qualifying Tournament if required and if the USA qualifies, the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing. His challenge lies in recruiting and rel ationship process in the top basketball players (Brill. B, 2004). In addition he has to motivate and instill a disciplined approach toward the game. Krzyzewski not only has to get together the right players but he also has to build them into a team. Krzyzewski has to ensure that the inter player relationship forges a team based on mutual respect and understanding. Krzyzewski needs to make an immediate impact on the team as well as build a successful program both on the court and off the court. He has to build individualized strength, conditioning and skill development among the country’s best players.Current events in the context of ethical behavior that plagued sport include the off court behavior of basketball player, Ron Artest who attacked Detroit Piston fans and when given an opportunity to apologize on the Today Show, showed utter disdain. In major-league baseball, San Francisco Giants left-fielder Barry Bonds broke records using steroids but denied having used them. An d the unethical behavior of players and managers during the National Hockey League protest that held to ransom the businesses linked to the game only because of unworthy haggling for money. The list of events that are not ethical in sport continues. There is one trend that is to win at all costs often induces players to override ethical consideration and is main reason for the use of steroids and banned substances. The other reason for unethical behavior is arrogance that comes from the heroic position where the sport persons find themselves in. This explains to an extent the behavior of Ron Artest. In this context the â€Å"millions of dollars† that are at stake, often induce sports persons to behave in an unethical manner. Consider the example of New York Yankee Alex Rodriguez who was at close play at first base in an important play-off. He simply slapped the ball out of a fielder’s hand. This happened in 2004.The major concepts in sports management involve providing support and assistance to sport professionals. Management mainly involves promoting sports persons and facilitating their professional development. The important aspects of sport include sport marketing, developing sport leadership, fund raising and mediating in case of conflicts. One of the important aspects of sport that is addressed by sport management is related to law and policy. Sport management also addresses the financial aspects of sports (Smith A   Stewart. B, 1999). The finances of players including their expenses and earnings are a part of the financial side of sport. Included in sport management are activities related to venue management and even sport tourism.The elements that are necessary for sport management are leadership qualities, acumen with finance, use of quantitative skills and negotiating ability. The need for these elements emerges because sport management requires knowledge of consumer behavior, sponsorship, advertising and licensing. In addition, the sport managers must have facility with media, communications and public relations. Where there are large scale sporting events there is a need to manage the organizational image and identity. Where there is a need for traveling to prestigious international events like the Olympics, the motives of every person accompanying the team needs to be evaluated. Sports management also involves controversial matters like the influence of perceived diversity and the unauthorized use of sport organization intellectual property during election campaigns (Smith A   Stewart. B, 1999).To sum, sports management as a profession needs training as all professions do. In addition, leadership qualities of the type Krzyzewski has will go a long way in promoting sportsmen and sportsmanship.References:Brill. B, (2004) 100 Years of Duke Basketball: A Legacy of Achievement, Sports Publishing LLC.Smith A   Stewart. B,   (1999) Sports Management: A Guide to Professional Practice, Allen Unwin.

Social Identities

Music and the Construction of Personal/Social Identities Introduction Music is seen an essential communication channel. It offers a means through which individuals and groups can share their aims, values and emotions even though the spoken languages might be mutually incomprehensible. Music further provides dynamic links for human interactions, particularly individuals whose distinctive wants make other communication means rather difficult or demanding.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music and the Construction of Personal/Social Identities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowadays, music plays a more significant role in shaping individuals lives as compared to any other historical period. This can be attributed to the rapid technological advancements and increasing economic influence of the music industry. Despite the relative difference between the current and the past music experience, it is clear that music has increasingly been used in the construction of the youthsâ €™ identities. This paper presents an overview of the studies that have supported the increasing knowledge and appreciation of the role of music in constructing the youth identities. The process does not simply involve aspects of personal identity, but equally includes the essential social aspects relating to ethnicity and race, family such as peers versus parents, school, status and gender. Structural cultural context Youth encounter a series of indulgence desires and essential social world thoughts in their development. The orientation spheres shape the way young people use media, particularly music (Eyerman and Jamison 466). Four dimensions that have been identified to be of a great essence in shaping youth identities include ethnicity and race, family (peers versus parents), school and status as well as gender and sexuality. Ethnicity and race While music such as Blues and Jazz have been associated with the black musicians for quite some time, the connection between ethnicit y and audience of the popular music which was common in the U.S. did not emerge in Europe till 1970s. Besides, Ska and soul music emerged in the 1960s and 1970s yet they did not construct the youths’ identity so much. However, the triumph of reggae music in the 1970s showed that there were ethnically non-European subcultures that used music to reinforce their identities. Reggae music was deeply immersed with Rastafarian inspirations since it was a remonstration music intended to draw attention of the youthful blacks who came from the remote cities.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though Rasta was commonly found in some European cities, the Rastafarian movement unveiled its most noticeable existence in Britain. It was the most undisputed socially significant development in Britain because it served its purpose as an important source of identity for the margi nalized youthful blacks (Danesi 67). Thus, youthful blacks use reggae music to identify and distinguish themselves from any kind of the whites’ racialism. However, few exceptions have been noted regarding the use of music by the marginalized youth. For instance, youths have used music to set the ethnic and race boundaries. A clear illustration is in Western Europe where it is very complicated to question the cultural and ideological youths’ association in different ethnicities. The use of music by the marginalized ethnic groups is absolutely too patchy. It is only obvious that mediated popular cultures and media discourses play considerable roles in modeling the manner in which the ethnically based groups observe each other. While music might assist in dissolving ethnic boundaries, it may occasionally strengthen and even help in shaping them (Eyerman and Jamison 452). Youths from different ethnic environments, thus, resort to music to create their own ethnic and cultur al identities. Family: Peers versus parents Social recognition in peer groups is an interesting concern during youth (Von Feilitzen and Roe 227). Social organizations including school and family put much emphasis on the importance of being successful. In such institutions, welcomed group participation, acceptance or membership might refer to school groups, peers, family, ethnic subcultures or to the wider social class world. Achievement might also take place within one of such social grounds. Unfortunately, most of the visible forms of validating social achievements including success at schools, perhaps, have petite potential to generate the peers’ popularity as compared to music. In fact, the impact of music on peer group relationships significantly affects various aspects of youthful life. Imitation of speech, consumption tastes, leisure forms and dressing codes of the music idols by the youth has generated peer influence and resulted in frictions with parents. Furthermore, as peer orientation, school failures and poor familial adjustment increase, peer group attachments increases. Early and considerable movements away from parental orientations towards peer group orientations seem to have a strong connection with musical preferences, interests and identification with particular music centered subgroups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music and the Construction of Personal/Social Identities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Youths who are parent oriented are less likely to develop musical interests and might less often listen to it. However, peer oriented youths tend to display greater musical interests and would extensively listen to it. This kind of music listened by these groups differ significantly (Eyerman and Jamison 459). Peer oriented youths prefer listening to more socially disvalued and hard rock music whereas parent oriented youths give much preference to classical, jazz an d blues. Finally, research evidence clearly indicates that family problems might provoke youths to make even greater music and peer-group investments than normal at this particular life-stage. This could make youths get indulged into music movements founded by youth cultures that are blatantly anti-adults. As regard to this, it is apparent that the chosen youth subcultures and their preferred music offer marginalized identity sources to those tendered by home contexts. School and status Von Feilitzen and Roe claim that youths sharing same statuses and education level have their own musical subcultures and cultural orientation developments (p. 227). Youth cultures that identify themselves and are strongly attached to certain types of music including heavy metal rock tend to negatively perform in school. Such youths are low achievers and are very discontented male youth who come from low working class and powerless families. However, certain musical preferences including blues, jazz a nd classical music are linked to higher academic success. In contrast to them, rock music is essential to youths who have rejected their class background cultures as it provides them with social markers which differentiate from their parental expectations and culture. This is because the intergenerational power and mobility status which occur within the larger inequality status context are normally upheld with distinctive shifts in individuals’ lifestyles, self-esteem and identity.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To youths, music also defines various types of social mobility including education, occupation, downwards and upward status mobility. The class mobility is linked with some kinds of musical preferences which differ with respect to cultural legitimacy. The music audience divisions result from individual and group trajectories within various social status hierarchical dimensions. For example, strong inclination to disco music is linked to upward professional mobility; strong classical music liking is associated with higher education and upward mobility, but those who give much preference to heavy metals are identified by downward educational mobility (Eyerman and Jamison 461). Therefore, youths identifying themselves with heavy metal music are perceived to be dynamic sensational seekers expressing their schooling displeasures since they find the regulation and structure of such institutions very hard to take. Gender and sexuality Youthful males are greatly preoccupied with musical pre ferences and tastes as compared to females. Often, youths in puberty are more anxious about the popular music that crops up during this period (Danesi 98) and would always wish to take an equal amount of time to listen to the preferred music. However, since females mature two years faster than males, they usually start listening to music at around nine and ten years while males identify and begin giving preference to music at twelve and thirteen years. Both sexes always listen to popular music having their central themes focused on dating and love. The youthful girls, nonetheless, have special strings attached to pop music whereas youthful males are exclusively linked to assertive masculinity and rock music (Danesi 98). The relationship amid sexuality and music has been significant. Male youths have been identified with dominant musical subcultures and more visible social mechanisms than females who majorly focus on less visible social mechanisms and less dominant musical subculture s. It is true that with respect to music and identity, both sexes are more inclined to romantic and sexually expressive music. Conclusion Music has played an important role in the construction of youths’ identities. Youth gender schemas including their self-definitions as either feminine or masculine emerge from the core musical constructs they draw on when defining themselves. Moreover, countless new musical information being received by the youths concerning individuals and their behaviors are primarily coded and thereafter inferred to with respect to gender norms and class. This makes youths identify themselves with certain musical subcultures. Besides, youths usually utilize music as a technique to develop and negotiate their interpersonal relations as depicted in the class and status dimensions. An individual’s musical preference clearly defines the social group a person belongs to or is not willing to be associated with. Thus, when youths develop specific musical preferences and taste patterns, it must be clear that the patterns are linked to a particular social circumstance or subcultural identification. Danesi, Marcel. Geeks, Goths and Gangstas: Youth Culture and the Evolution of Modern Society, Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc., 2010. Print. Eyerman, Ron and Jamison Andrew. â€Å"Social Movements and Cultural Transformation: Popular Music in the 1960a†. Media, Culture and Society 17.3(1995): 449-468. Print. Von Feilitzen, Cecilia and Roe Keith. Eavesdropping on Adolescence: An Exploratory Study of Music Listening Among Children†. The European Journal of Communication 17.2 (1992): 225-244. Print.

Conjugating the Verb Désobéir (to Disobey) in French

Conjugating the Verb Dà ©sobà ©ir (to Disobey) in French The verb  dà ©sobà ©ir  means to disobey in French. To transform it into the past tense disobeyed or the present tense disobeying, the verb needs to be conjugated. This is a relatively simple French lesson that will show you how to do that. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©sobà ©ir French students are often frustrated by verb conjugations because there are so many verb forms to remember. The nice thing about a verb like  dà ©sobà ©ir  is that its a  regular -IR verb. This means that it follows a common conjugation pattern. If you learn this one, verbs like  convertir  (to convert) and  chà ©rir  (to cherish) will be a little easier because the same rules apply. French verb conjugations take into account both the subject pronoun  and  the present, future, or past tense. As you study the chart, notice how the endings attached to the verb stem  dà ©sobà ©-  change. For instance, I disobey is je dà ©sobà ©is and we will disobey is nous dà ©sobà ©irons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dà ©sobà ©is dà ©sobà ©irai dà ©sobà ©issais tu dà ©sobà ©is dà ©sobà ©iras dà ©sobà ©issais il dà ©sobà ©it dà ©sobà ©ira dà ©sobà ©issait nous dà ©sobà ©issons dà ©sobà ©irons dà ©sobà ©issions vous dà ©sobà ©issez dà ©sobà ©irez dà ©sobà ©issiez ils dà ©sobà ©issent dà ©sobà ©iront dà ©sobà ©issaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©sobà ©ir The  present participle  of dà ©sobà ©ir  is  dà ©sobà ©issant.  This is as simple as adding -ant  to the verb stem. Not only is this a verb, but it also acts as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. Another Common Past Tense Form   A  common form of the past tense disobeyed in French is the  passà © composà ©. To form this, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary, or helping verb  avoir, then add the  past participle  dà ©sobà ©i. As an example, I disobeyed is jai dà ©sobà ©i and we disobeyed is nous avons dà ©sobà ©i. More Simple  Dà ©sobà ©ir  Conjugations The following verb forms of  dà ©sobà ©ir  are less common, though you may run into them as you speak and read more French. While you may never use them yourself, its a good idea to be able to recognize them as a form of to disobey. The subjunctive and conditional imply some level of uncertainty or dependency to the verbs action. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily found in French writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dà ©sobà ©isse dà ©sobà ©irais dà ©sobà ©is dà ©sobà ©isse tu dà ©sobà ©isses dà ©sobà ©irais dà ©sobà ©is dà ©sobà ©isses il dà ©sobà ©isse dà ©sobà ©irais dà ©sobà ©it dà ©sobà ©Ãƒ ®t nous dà ©sobà ©issions dà ©sobà ©irions dà ©sobà ©Ãƒ ®mes dà ©sobà ©issions vous dà ©sobà ©issiez dà ©sobà ©iriez dà ©sobà ©Ãƒ ®tes dà ©sobà ©issiez ils dà ©sobà ©issent dà ©sobà ©iraient dà ©sobà ©irent dà ©sobà ©issent The imperative verb form is often used for short and direct commands and requests. This is a simplified conjugation as you can skip the subject pronoun. Rather than saying tu dà ©sobà ©is,  you can use dà ©sobà ©is alone. Imperative (tu) dà ©sobà ©is (nous) dà ©sobà ©issons (vous) dà ©sobà ©issez

Information System Security of a Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information System Security of a Company - Essay Example The essay "Information System Security of a Company" talks about the measures companies should take against ‘social engineers’. Phones are the most dangerous tools that hackers use in stealing out information from an organization. Because of their skills in deceiving naà ¯ve people into revealing proprietary information, these hackers are termed as social engineers. They attempt to gain information by enticing people into simple gimmicks and taking advantage of the people’s trusting nature. Quoting an example of a real life case where a hacker manages to get a spyware installed on a Vice President’s PC, the author points out about the vulnerability of human beings and the ease at which any clever hacker can succeed. The hacker or social engineer first manages to get the contact number of a new employee from the HR department and then, pretending to be one of the vice presidents, he calls the employee and fools him into downloading a file on the actual VP’s computer. This does require technical skills to create the malware files and a sufficient amount of information about the organization and its employees, but the core essence is the ability to sound genuine on the phone and trick the other person into believing you. This method is very dangerous and using such techniques, social engineers can easily gain control of company’s computers and telephone systems and pretending to be company’s employees, they can even access company’s confidential information such as customer lists and financial data.

IP Addressing and Subnetting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IP Addressing and Subnetting - Essay Example These identifiers are the one referred to as the internet protocols which are numerical figures that identifies a device connected to a network. IP addressing therefore means assigning these figures to a device so that it can be identified. On the other hand a sub network, also known as subnet is a sub division of an IP network, which makes sub netting to be the division of an IP network (Blank 2004). There exists two main versions of internet protocol which include internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and internet protocol version 6 (IPv6).since these versions contain an endless pools of numbers, for IPv4, this pool of numbers is 32 bits written as (232) and contains 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses, where bits refer to a digit in the form of binary system which is used in storing information. For IPv6 version, it has 128-bits written as (2128) containing 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses. These two versions are assigned to a given network in different sizes. The size assigned is shown after an oblique, and it reflects the number of IP addresses contained in it. The lower the number after the oblique the more the number of addresses the protocol size has (Groth 2005). Since an internet protocol is made up of 32 binary bits, they are subdivided into network and host sections. The network portion identifies the particular network that it is connected to whereas the host portion identifies a node, be it a computer, on the local area network (LAN). This is aided by the use of subnet mask, which is described as a 32 binary bits combination that is these octets used to show which section or portion of an IP address refers to a subnet and the other tat refers to the host. The 32 binary bits are subdivided onto octets where octet holds 8 bits making a total of four octets. These octets are then turned into decimals and separated by a period. This is why an IP address is expressed in decimal with dots in between. The number of decimal in each oct et ranges from 0-255 decimals or 00000000-11111111 binary (Groth 2005). As indicated above, a subnet mask helps to know which section of the internet protocol identifies a given network and the section of the IP that identifies the nodes. If we have a network with a natural mask of 255.0.0.0 which has not been sub netted, it would have an address close to 8.20.15.1255.0.0.0.converting these addresses and masks to binary numbers, and we would have 8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 There different types of IP addressing and each have their own features. One of the forms includes the unicast. This is the most used concept of internet protocol addressing for both IPv4 and IPv6.it is used to refer to a single sender and a single receiver which could be used for sending and receiving. A unicast address is usually for a single host. Different devices have different unique unicast addresses, each with a different unique purpose. This means that for a person to data to many unicast addresses, he is required to send it many times to each recipient. The second type of IP address is the broadcast. Only IPv4 implements the broadcast addressing since IPv6 replaces broadcast with multicast addressing. For the IPv4, it is with ease to send data to all hosts. In the IPv4 address the address 255.255.255.255 is used to broadcast. The third type of addressing is the multicast addressing. Multicast address is linked with a group of recipient. For IPv4 addresses, given addresses 224.0.0.0

Is Torture a Necessary Evil Essay Example for Free

Is Torture a Necessary Evil Essay 14th September 2013 Torture is a necessary evil. After reading this article and evaluating both sides of the argument, my opinion remains the same. I disagree that torture is necessary; it is a barbaric breach of human rights. After looking at statistics, only 8% of Guantanamo detainees were Al Qaeda fighters, this is a shockingly low percentage in proportion to the 517 Guantanamo that were detained. British laws have deemed torture illegal and yet at least 6 detainees alleged that British forces were involved in the torture. Torturing cannot go on; the pros do not outweigh the cons of torture. In exceptional circumstances, lives may be saved, but at what cost? Where does it end, as stated in the article, will family members become torture victims? As the initial suspect may not have value for their own life, they turn to his/her loved ones? If a suspect has been detained, regardless of what their crime may be, they still have the right to remain silent. Any forced extraction of information goes against the fundamental human rights, and even if information is gained, what assurance do we have that it will be correct information? In the heat of the moment, it may seem that the information is true, to end the pain that the victim is in, yet it may all be fiction. These are clearly not risks worth taking, and in my opinion, anyone who is willing to submit a fellow human being to that amount of pain and discomfort, does not fill me with confidence in the fact that they are in a position of power. In recent news, countries like the UK or the USA are undecided whether to involve themselves in the business of Syria; they claim that involvement, in the sense of morals, is the right thing to do. Yet there is still a debate on whether torture should be legal, does one not contradict the other? It seems extremely hypocritical that on one hand, the armed forces have a sense of human rights in one way, yet on the other hand, claims that torture is necessary, which completely abolishes human rights in another way. In conclusion, regardless of the arguments in favour of torture, I still disagree that torture is a necessary evil; it dehumanises victims, stripping them of their human rights, regardless of whether they may be Al Qaeda fighters, they still ha ve the basic human right to remain silent during questioning, any way of obtaining information by forced means is morally wrong.

The Talented Freak Essay -- Music, Lady Gaga, Sex

The music industry has taken a wrong turn, and it affects our new generation; music videos becoming more like pornographic trailers causing men and women to objectify each other as a sex object. According to Camille Paglia (lecturer, educator, and feminist) in â€Å"Lady Gaga and The Death of Sex,† â€Å"Hollywood discovered that sex was great box office† (2). Because sex sells, it is a market technique used by record companies to sell more record. So does sex usage really empower women? In Paglia’s article, â€Å"Madonna I: Animality and Artifice,† she claims that dominatrix (used by Madonna) empowers women, and it should be praised by all female musicians (89). I agree to Paglia’s claim that sexuality sometimes empower rather than exploit women to act sluttish; however, in music, I believe the line between a woman using sexuality and promoting herself as an object is unnoticed because it changes depend on who dominate. When male musicians dominate a certain type of genre (hip-hop), many new musicians (women included) degrade women to jumpstart their career because sex sell. For instance, before Nicki Minaj gets famous, she started her career by degrading women in her mix tape, â€Å"Sucka Free,† cover picture because most people think hip-hop is only male profession, and it has little respect for women because mostly men listen to hip-hop. And so for female rappers to get the attention from those men, she has to jumpstart her career by using her sex appeal image. In addition to her degrading cover pose, that might caused young women in our society to accept it as a norm, she was criticized by many because that posture was not only inappropriate, but it was copied from Lil’ Kim. In fact, it was the same pose Lil' Kim uses on one of her older cover... ...a blame Gaga for killing sex. Personally, I think Paglia argument that blames Gaga for not being sexy did not explain enough about Gaga who know how to play piano, write music, sing great live, dance, and make fashion (Needham 2). It mostly comparison to her â€Å"long-term crush† (Needham 2) Madonna who is, as Paglia stated, â€Å"the future of feminism† (â€Å"Madonna I: Animality and Artifice† 90) now seems â€Å"marooned in the past† (Needham 2). Overall Gaga is empowering everyone respect each other and love themselves, unlike Rihanna who exploiting women to be a slave for men. I believe Rihanna not only degrading women but also exploiting kids by sing to them inappropriate song for their age. Regardless if number of musicians like Rihanna increase, I think Gaga will accomplish far more success than musicians who choose to follow rather than lead.

Fotajek

The organizational and financial structure of the Fojtasek companies had been in flux since the spring of 1994. By March 1995, three different financial transactions have been proposed to streamline and restructure the firm: an outright acquisition, a leveraged recapitalization, and a hybrid transaction called â€Å"Private IPO. † Heritage Partners is interested in taking a stake in the Fojtasek Companies by proposing aâ€Å"Private IPO† transaction.The paper will analyze the health of the Fojtasek companies and the economic benefits gained from Heritage Partners’ proposal. Through careful calculations, one would recommend the proposed transactions to take place between Heritage and the Fojtasek family. Founded in 1986, Heritage Partners has developed a business expertise in family companies. Their value-added can be seen in the General Partners, all of whom had successful track records in Private Equity.Of the three elements that distinguish them, the most impor tant is their development of the â€Å"Private IPO† structure. This financial strategy enables majority holding while reducing estate taxation for the founder and management. For the Fojtasek family, they had been seeking potential buyers to restructure their company. Unlike its other product and distribution channel, business in the Baloleum Division has been declining. Additionally, the founder Joe Fojtasek has decided to step down at the age of 73 and hand over his role to his sons.Thus, Fojtasek companies decided to take advantage of the opportunity to radically streamline its structure for future growth—buyout, leveraged recapitalization, or â€Å"Private IPO. † There are two common disadvantages with leveraged buyouts and recapitalizations: a higher credit and default risk that comes with having a high leverage, and a possible loss of majority control that can lead to conflicts of interest. From both Fojtasek’s and Heritage’s perspective, it would be optimal to have a hybrid transaction that would lower debt levels while retaining family control of operation.From Heritage’s perspective, the exchange of securities under a â€Å"Private IPO,† instead of a large cash payout, would not only leave out ambiguities concerning tax obligations but also make financing for the transaction feasible. Moral hazard of family members is essentially reduced as their equity is being tied to the firm. From Fostasek’s perspective, the ability to retain family control of the company makes certain that some or all of management would not be replaced. In this sense, the â€Å"Private IPO† transaction does address the information gap, making this hybrid strategy an optimal strategy in this context.

Low-Cost Computers for the Developing World Essay

Introduction The tax in all ages of the main themes that ran researchers because of their Close contact conditions peoples, and that in terms of political, economic and social, Taxes are link material that binds the individual government, one of the most important tools used by governments in drawing its financial, economic and social terms used tax revenue first in the financing of programs of public expenditure that has become increasing in moment . Taxes working to raise the economic efficiencies when the exploitation of economic resources and guidance these resources to better use and to achieve social justice in the distribution of income and achieve economic stability where justice is no longer only socially, but became a vital requirement in achieving national security in the community as well. Thus the state with individuals involved in achieving these goals and to achieve security inside and outside, but some taxpayers, and who want to provide services directly in the performance of their pay tax, as expected consumer benefit directly from having to purchase a good or service ignored , so the nature of the relationship between the state (IRS) and citizens (in charge) and they get rid of the legal obligation to pay their taxes partially or completely and using a number of methods and techniques fraudulent by refraining from paid the public treasury, and that means tax fraud . So we look at this study the issue of evasion in value added tax and known shortened VAT, and is a general tax levied on businesses that produce and distribute goods and services, and is the VAT tax on consumption because Stoic final it is the consumer, despite the fact that collected is the producer or distributor. Where the subject will be studied theoretically and problem will be identified and the objectives and methodology and the study sample. Objectives study This study aims to achieve the following objectives : – Get free professions and trades that are subject to VAT. – study the legal texts of the relevant laws in liberal professions and link them to the collection tax . – Get nature and forms of evasion in VAT the self-employed . – Get the underlying causes of evasion in VAT the self-employed .. – Develop appropriate mechanism to deal with tax evasion to the self-employed . Problem Statement Is the increase of the rate of value added tax (VAT), the nature of the political system and double taxation would lead to VAT fraud ?! The relevance of the study The importance of this study lies in the need to educate self-employed seriousness evasion in vat and the consequent negative effects on the financial activity of the State, and comes through definition of this category duties tax and rid them of the issue of inheritance Social which prevailed between groups of Palestinian society, including self-employed before the advent of the Palestinian Authority, where he was in charge of the Palestinian is evasion of taxes national action, because the tax revenue goes to illicit destinations . Literature review According to Smith and Stephen (2007) ,they resorted to some of european experiences of European countries. This study aimed to reviews what is known about the exposure of the VAT to revenue losses through noncompliance, with a particular focus on fraud and evasion,and considers what can be done in respons. And they are follow the methodology to eliminate fraud in the VAT, by used More radical measures within the context of a system that preserves zero-rating include , The use of ‘reverse charging’, by which liability in a business-to-business (B2B) transaction is placed on the buyer rather than the seller. This would deal effectively with the carousel fraud, and by ending the gradual cumulation of VAT payments through various stages of production and distribution and instead collecting all VAT revenue at the final sale, the system is exposed to substantially greater risks of revenue loss through unreported sales to final consumers , With a retail sales tax all tax revenue is lost if a sale to final consumers somehow goes unreported, while with a VAT the losses are limited to the difference between the VAT due on the final sale and the VAT already collected at earlier stages. Smith said that have argued that a longer-run and durable solution to the problem of missing trader fraud requires a fundamental redesign of the VAT treatment of international transactions and this Systematic reform that eliminates the root cause of missing trader fraud would be a much more appealing long-term strategy than the combination of resource-intensive enforcement operations and ad hoc ‘fixes’ such as extended reverse charging, which may provide temporary relief. The study of Richard(2011) , focused on a technological methods in the fight against tax fraud.This study aimed to fighting tax fraud (vat) bye using a technological method of this . So there is a three leading technology-based solutions will be considered here: the Real Time VAT (RTvat ) the VAT Locator Number ( VLN) system and the Digital VAT (D-VAT), There are important differences among them, but generally, the RTvat focuses on securing the tax, the VLN focuses on securely tracing the supply, and the D-VAT certifies that the correct tax is charged collected, and remitted. Richard have reached some conclusions based on technological solutions developed that The RTvat is applied to all transactions in a VAT system. It changes the underpinnings of the VAT, moving it from an invoice system to a settlement system. The withholdingand-remit element of a VATsystem has been effectively removed and VLN also applies to all transactions in a VAT system but leaves the basic structure of the V AT untouched. It simply adds an encrypted tracer code to every invoice. As Borselli’s stydy that aimed to firstly, it outlines the fraudulent VAT schemes that pose the most serious threat to the functioning of the VAT system, and evaluates the effectiveness of the strategies adopted to combat and prevent that type of fraud. Secondly, it comments on the costs and benefits of more far-reaching measures to be implemented in the near future at EU and national level.He follow the mechanisms that fighting taxation fraud as , A hybrid reverse charge mechanism would also give rise to other issues. Firstly, it would lead to a substantial increase of VAT refund claims by taxable persons, who pay VAT to their suppliers (on their inputs not exceeding the threshold value), where their output transactions are subject to the reverse charge mechanism. Secondly, treating identical transactions differently for VAT purposes reduces the effectiveness, of anti-fraud measures , increases the complexity of the management of the VAT system and requires a tough control system in order to protect Member States from adverse effects. Where it was concluded that the need to maximize the effectiveness of the strategy to combat VAT fraud cannot be separated from a broad view on the functioning of the VAT system as a whole. Available mechanisms interact, require a high degree of adaptation to the economic and legal context and must be a constant of the Member States’ regulatory framework. This means that there is not asingle road† to a more efficient VAT system and that it is inappropriate for Member States to simply copy and transpose the measures taken by other Member States into their national legislation. In 2011 , Kaspar Lind , faocused in his aticls on the issues of ï ¬  scal fraud, closing of transactions, and good faith , and to analyse Estonian legislation and the practice of the Supreme Court and its development in the past 10 years, and to compare it to the practice of the European Court of Justice. Given that fiscal frauds are a serious problem, According to that , the payment for goods or services would take place through the bank, and the bank would divide the payment into two parts (the price of the goods or services and the amount of tax), of which the amount of VAT would be paid directly to the tax authority. With the second scheme, a central database is created for invoices taxed with VAT that the tax authority can monitor in real time. Thirdly, separate VAT databases are used that are very easy for the tax authority to access in order to check invoices. Certiï ¬ cation is seen as a fourth solution. Aside from the reverse charge, the ï ¬ rst solution is considered the most effective;however, it would require a substantial transformation of the existing system. The other three models might improve supervision but do not directly ensure a better receipt of taxes. He said † Although they can draw general conclusions on how to act with regard to the VAT system, due diligence may depend greatly on each country’s legal order and practice. As a result, it is very difï ¬ cult for entrepreneurs to operate in different European Union Member States. Often entrepreneurs can learn of the exact content of their due diligence only in the course of judicial proceedings, but that might entail tax liability† In recent years ,The European Union’s VAT system has become vulnerable to organised fraud schemes , so there is an schemes studied by Fabrizio Borselli. This article shows that need to maximise the effectiveness of anti-VAT-fraud strategy cannot be separated from a broad view of the problem and of the functioning of the VAT system as a whole. A drastic change in the VAT system might provide a robust defence against fraud but produce uncertain effects. The study showed the most important policies established by the member states to fight fraud by developing early-warning systems for sectors and transactions at risk. Since missing traders need to enter the market before committing the fraud (i.e. to obtain a VAT identification number, unless they hijack another trader’s VAT number), a sound system of preventive risk analysis is essential for effective antifraud action. Many EU Member States use advanced software for risk analysis and electronic databases containing macro and micro data on traders, including the economic sector in which they operate, their financial situation and ownership, their payments, declarations and refunds of VAT . As pointed Bouresli that Policy initiatives could be initially limited to certain sectors and companies, with wider structural measures implemented afterwards, taking advantage of further developments in IT and harmonisation of the EU legal framework. New types of fraud are technology-intensive: technology itself appears to offer some of the best answers. According to Dr. Konstantin Pashev (2006) , Adopted the Bulgarian experience in identifying the types and modus operandi of VAT frauds with a focus on the abuse of tax credit. It analyses the elements of tax design permissive of such abuses and discusses the possible solutions in the light of the international and domestic experience and the capacity of the tax administration , Where indicated dr. Pashev the mechanics of organized fraud by fictitious export and the missing (insolvent) trader fraud. In the case of fake exports, the exporter carries the transaction on paper, applying the zero VAT rate on exports and claiming tax credit on the inputs, while actually selling the products on the domestic market without sales invoices, i.e. without paying VAT. A safer version would use real exports, but would overstate the quantities exported . The study concludes that the possible solutions should be sought along the lines of optimizing risk management and the principle of joint liability rather than through tighter controls at entry and on the conduct of business. the theoretical framework and methodology of the study : VAT(Value-Added Tax) is a tax that’s charged on most goods and services that VAT-registered businesses provide in the UK. It’s also charged on goods and some services that are imported from countries outside. Whereas VAT fraud is a scheme through which businesses avoid paying VAT and even claim refunds for VAT they never pay. Such businesses actualize their criminal intents using different established methods. Thus, different types of VAT fraud can be identified, which governments of VAT-administering countries have spent huge amounts of money to investigate and checkmate. review by looking at the literature review of the value-added tax in particular and some of the variables that affect them in general, including income tax, inflation, and the nature of the political system in the country. Since each variable has a direct relationship in its impact on the value-added tax. Independent Variables :- Inflation Rate of income The natural of political system Dependent Variable VAT Fraud In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time , When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy as the inï ¬â€šation rate rises, the money demand becomes increasingly interest elasticity, as in Cagan’s model, and credit is increasingly used to avoid inï ¬â€šation, instead of using leisure; this implies that velocity rises at a faster rate, and the growth rate falls at a decreasing rate. Politics system tells you how a society must be set up and how one should act within a society. Except for hermits, this comes up a lot. As for the relationship between the nature of the political system and tax fraud interpreted as the lack of confidence in public spending policy , no doubt that the way to spend the proceed of tax impact on the psyche of financiers overhead costs, as if mony spend in the faces of the benefit of binding it feels comfortable and reassuring , he may give tax willingly , Which makes the system vulnerable to deception and fraud . As for the rate of income is defined as follows , a tax that governments impose on financial income generated by all entities within their jurisdiction. By law, businesses and individuals must file an income tax return every year to determine whether they owe any taxes or are eligible for a tax refund. Income tax is a key source of funds that the government uses to fund its activities and serve the public. Hypotheses There’s a relationship between VAT fraud and inflation .   Since there is a relationship between the level of income and tax fraud. There is a relationship between the political system and investors went to tax evasion, as it depends on the policies directed by the state. The population and the sample of the study Since I will talk about the VAT fraud in private sector, the population is the Palestinian private sector companies, and the study sample will be a number of these companies. Data collection The data were collected from two resources of data: Secondary data* Which is the data that developed for the purpose other than helping to solve the problem on hand? Some of these data are books, journals, articles, website, and internet it’s considered as a useful sources of information for historical background, and theoretical framework. Primary data* Among the choices for collecting the primary data such as: observations, survey questionnaires, and interviews .Taking into account the research problem the survey questionnaire is the best alternative for this research . Bibliography and Reference List Smith, Stephen.2007. VAT fraud and evasion, VAT Fraud and Evasion: What Do We Know, and What Can be Done? 10 Ainsworth, Richard.2011. VAT Fraud and Technological Solutions. Tax Analysis,19. Borselli, Fabrizio.2008. Pragmatic Policies to Tackle VAT Fraud in the European Union, International VAT monitor, 10 Lind, k, 2011.VAT fraud and the fighting against IT In Estonia, JURIDICAL INTERNATIONAL .P.152-160. Borselli, F,and 2011.organised vat fraud : features, magnitude , policy perspectives, RePEc-Research paper in economics . # p 43 Pashev, Konstantin, 2006.fighting VAT fraud: the Bulgarian Experience. #p. 20

Assignment HR 2015 Essays - Laws Of War, Free Essays, Term Papers

Assignment HR 2015 Essays - Laws Of War, Free Essays, Term Papers There is a lot of misunderstanding about the principle of proportionality. It has to do with minimizing civilian casualties and damage to civilian property; it has nothing to do with equality of arms, nor with comparing the number of casualties on each side. 2 In other words, known broadly, as the principle that when attacking military objectives belligerents must make sure that any collateral damage to civilians is not out of proportion to the military. The principle of proportionality has also been found by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflicts. It is clear that the Yugoslav Tribunal is of the opinion that (a) a rule of proportionality exists in customary international law and (b) that its formulation is in accordance with that proposed in Protocol I. Hensel, Howard M., ed. Legitimate Use of Military Force. Abingdon, Oxon, GBR: Ashgate Publishing Group, 2008. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 23 November 2015. Copyright 2008. Ashgate Publishing Group. All rights reserved. The principle of proportionality, as in Rule 14 of the ICRC Rules, is expressed as a rule of prohibition. Hensel, Howard M., ed. Legitimate Use of Military Force. Abingdon, Oxon, GBR: Ashgate Publishing Group, 2008. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 22 November 2015. Copyright 2008. Ashgate Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Nowadays, customary international law recognizes the principle of proportionality. 47 In the words of Judge Higgins, in her Dissenting Opinion in the NuclearWeapons Advisory Opinion: The principle of proportionality, even if finding no specific mention, is reflected in many provisions of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Thus even a legitimate target may not be attacked if the collateral civilian casualties would be disproportionate to the specific military gain from the attack. 48 It must be appreciated that a military objective does not cease being a military objective on account of the disproportionate collateral civilian casualties. The principle of proportionality provides a further restriction by disallowing attacks against impeccable military objectives owing to anticipated disproportionate injury and damage to civilians or civilian objects. 49 Dinstein, Yoram. Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. West Nyack, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 22 November 2015. Copyright 2004. Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved. Hensel, Howard M., ed. Legitimate Use of Military Force. Abingdon, Oxon, GBR: Ashgate Publishing Group, 2008. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 22 November 2015. . Military manuals which are applicable in or have been applied in noninternational armed conflicts specify the principle of proportionality in attack.19 Many States have adopted legislation making it an offence to violate the principle of proportionality in attack in any armed conflict. 20 In theMilitary Junta case in 1985, the National Appeals Court of Argentina considered the principle of proportionality in attack to be part of customary international law. 21 There are also a number of official statements pertaining to armed conflicts in general or to non-international armed conflicts in particular that refer to this rule. 22 The pleadings of States before the International Court of Justice in the Nuclear Weapons case referred to above were couched in general terms applicable in all armed conflicts. The jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and a report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights provide further evidence of the customary nature of this rule in non international armed conflicts. 23 No official contrary practice was found with respect to either international or non-international armed conflicts. Alleged violations of the principle of proportionality in attack have generally been condemned by States. 24 The United Nations and other international organisations have also condemned such violations, for example, in the context of the conflicts in Chechnya, Kosovo, the Middle East and the former Yugoslavia. 25 The ICRC has reminded parties to both international and non-international Armed conflicts of their duty to respect the principle of proportionality in attack. 26 have shown, the obligation to distinguish whether a target is civilian in nature continues to be upheld in instances where combatants are located within the civilian population. These examples demonstrate that the principle of distinction is a necessary component of IHL, as the principle acts as a mechanism for holding violators to account during judicial proceedings. However, as the final section of this paper will argue, in order for this principle to be effective, greater enforcement efforts must be made

The Volatile Nature of Its

The Volatile Nature of Its The Volatile Nature of It’s The Volatile Nature of It’s By Maeve Maddox Blasphemy: A law to protect an All-Powerful, supernatural Deity from getting its feelings hurt. As you might expect, this quip by Ricky Gervais stirred strong responses when it was posted on Facebook. Some commenters were amused by it, but others most definitely were not. What caught my attention was not the heated religious discussion that Gervais’s irreverent comment provoked, but the grammatical scuffle that erupted over his erroneous use of it’s. Commenters were able to â€Å"Like† individual replies. The first reader to point out that â€Å"it’s feelings† should read â€Å"its feelings† received 103 Likes. The comment that dismissed the objection–â€Å"Its basic grammar and was probably a typo. Who cares?†Ã¢â‚¬â€œreceived only 7 Likes. Is it too much to hope that this little pollunscientific as it issuggests that members of the reading public who care about the correct use of it’s may outnumber those who don’t? Probably. Something this exchange does illustrate is that typographical errors, misspellings, and grammatical faults distract readers from serious discussions–even in that land of linguistic anarchy we call â€Å"social media.† I’d be lying if I said I’ve never typed it’s where the context called for its. I’ve probably even allowed at least one disgraceful it’s to slip into print. For that reason, I must be grateful to the class of readers who can give a misused it’s the benefit of the doubt. Such tolerant folks assume it must be an unintended typo. After all, doesn’t everyone know that it’s is a contraction of it is and not a possessive adjective? Alas, some typos are more forgivable than others, even in comment threads. The accidental typing of hte or teh for the, for example, will go unremarked by all but the most mean-spirited nit-picking troll. It’s for its, on the other hand, elicits a visceral reaction in some readers. They can’t help it. No matter how deep or serious a discussion, a misplaced it’s or its will almost certainly bring it to a grinding halt. Bottomline: Whether you think it matters or not, if you want to keep readers’ attention focused on the topic at hand, make sure you haven’t misused it’s before clicking â€Å"Reply† or â€Å"Submit.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)15 Types of Documents20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Literary criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literary criticism - Essay Example Although this seems to complicate the issue unnecessarily, it seems necessary that he explain first why the play is such an international favorite if it has the kind of deep flaws that he criticizes it for. According to Cardullo, what carries the play through its flaws is the strength of its ideas. Its focus on the concept of the quintessential American salesman who does not sell products but instead sells himself, who does not own things but yet purchases them and who does not battle against an enemy but struggles against an impartial system lacking in understanding and compassion is a strong idea that appeals to many within a capitalistic system. After acknowledging the play’s strength, the author then moves on to his criticism, starting with the nuts and bolts of the play. The first element he criticizes is the diction Miller places in the mouths of his characters. Although they are lower middle class and should speak with a well-known diction, they frequently break out of expected vocabulary for this class in unexpected, and often too flowery, ways. This had never particularly struck me as an issue in the play, but as Cardullo quoted some of the statements that are made, it does sound false coming from these characters. Their vocabulary is too fancy and their grammar is too correct for their level of education, their class of life, their living environment and their professional position. Another area in which Cardullo takes offense with the play is in the thematic development. A great deal of the play rests on the idea that Willy’s life is ending in an overall lack of success as a result of a failed business system and a slipping mind. However, as Cardullo points out, there are numerous inconsistencies shown throughout the flashbacks that Willy’s mind has been slipping for a long time, perhaps never having been fully capable. This point is proved as Cardullo traces

Safeway's 10k Form Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Safeway's 10k Form Analysis - Research Paper Example The company’s forward looking financial statements and its commitment to quality while expanding perishable offerings influenced my choice. Safeway’s operates in a highly competitive industry where competitors struggle to increase their market control and share. Its strategies of providing products that are tailored to ensure local preferences make it survive the diverse cultures and tastes in the different market segment. The operating strategy of providing value to its customers through stocking high quality products and maintaining high store standards together with the competitive prices makes it preferred by the shoppers (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.43). Besides, it provides a one stop shopping for busy customers. Competitors include supercenters and club stores, specialty supermarkets, dollar store, drug stores and restaurants. The environmental legislation has also not had adverse effect on the financial results and is not expected to do so because of the company compliance to state and federal laws. Labor relations pose a threat to the company because most of the employees are unionized and work stoppages and disputes could affect their results (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.14). Moreover, the failure of Safeway’s to achieve cost reductions could further adversely impair the company financial performance. this forces the company to consider altering their product mix to mitigate financial problems. Negative publicity on food safety, quality, and health concern poses a threat of loss of customers and could disrupt production. Moreover, the current economic condition in US and Canada with regard to the uncertain unemployment rate, fluctuating energy prices and demand of discounted products could further affect Safeway’s financials. Other environmental factors that pose a risk include changing regulation, increased amounts of debt, pending litigations and Information technology risk affects their performanc e. Question 2 2a) Deloitte $ Touche LLP audited the consolidated financial statement of Safeway’s and the internal controls over the financial reporting (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.34). It issued an unqualified report on the financial statement and on the effectiveness of the internal control. According to the report, Safeway has prepared their financial statements in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles accepted in the United States and the integrated framework issued by the committee of sponsoring organizations of the tread way commission. 2b) Management analysis and discussion of the financial statement reveals a declining consumer spending because of the current economic conditions. Consumers are said to change their product mix or shop in discounted groceries to cut down on their expenditure. On the side of income, Safeway is reported to have a net income of $516.7 million in 2011 compared to $589.8 million in 2010 signifying a loss o f $1097.5 million (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.22). MD & A further reveals how the economic environment impacted adversely on Safeway’s division (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.22). The sales in 2011 increased by $43.6 billion while fuel sales increased by $1408.7 million because of the average price increase of fuel per gallon. Besides, the exchange rate fluctuation of Canadian dollar resulted in increase in sales increase by $ 240 million. The number of transactions alos inceresed in 2011 desites the slight

Leadership And Management of Law Enforcement Personnel Within the Term Paper

Leadership And Management of Law Enforcement Personnel Within the Organization - Term Paper Example Transformational leadership has shown significant potential in law enforcement organizations. These organizations now operate in the current age of unpredictable change where leaders must try to ensure that their members are sufficiently developed and empowered to make their own decisions, especially in the field. Line officers must be able to also take a leadership role once they are outside the physical custody and jurisdiction of their leaders (Dobby, et.al., 2004). In the field, they may be thrust into situations where they need to make quick and appropriate decisions. The transformational leader therefore seeks to prepare his subordinates to be independent and proactive thinkers, making them significant assets in the field. Transformational leaders seem to be more effective as compared to transactional leaders in the long term (Hinkin and Tracey, 1994). They help inspire confidence, as well as help provide learning experiences to the to the subordinates (Dobby, et.al., 2004). Th is type of leadership has also been known for assisting in the implementation of changes in various settings, thereby allowing the members to adjust to these changes and make personal adjustments in their activities. In applying this transformational type of leadership in the UK, the National Policing Plan was able to deliver improvements in the performance of police officers, as well as ensure the reduction of crime in the country (Dobby, et.al., 2004). This type of leadership is therefore one of the effective methods of leadership which can be applied in order to ensure the effective management of law enforcement organizations. Moriarty (2009) discusses that most organizations need effective leadership in order to succeed. Without... This essay stresses that it is also important for managers to recognize stress, anxiety, and fatigue among their employees. It is therefore important for managers to be adequately trained in recognizing signs of stress and fatigue. Some of these signs may include irritability, hot-headedness, sleeping while on shift, frequent yawning, forgetfulness or memory lapses, and anger. Once these signs are noted among employees, it is important for managers to implement changes in shift work, ordering time off for these officers, and similar other fatigue-relieving remedies. It is also important for the managers to encourage their employees to approach sleep and rest as a safety and performance issue This paper makes a conclusion that Leaders and managers of law enforcement officers have a significant challenge of managing their subordinates and ensuring the peace and safety of the general population. In order to manage law enforcement officers, various programs can be applied. One of these programs is the Leadership in Police Organizations which has gained widespread support. This is a program which seeks to ensure police participation in their own leadership. Very much in relation to transformational leadership, the LPO is an effective means of engaging officers to be their own leaders. Education and training among managers and line officers on the management of stress and fatigue is also an important addition to the effective management of law enforcement officers.

History of Nude Drawings in Art

History of Nude Drawings in Art Nudity vs. Nakedness The nude figure is the most volatile subject in the history of painting. The artists treatment of the nude dictates whether her gaze addresses the viewer with a coy obliqueness or a confrontational directness. The figure has the ability to condemn, invite, and often perform both simultaneously. Through the viewers inverted projection an immediate response to nudity, the nude figure attains the ability to undress us. The vulnerability and splendor of nudity is that in its elemental form, with no adornment or intention, it is looked upon with grace and beauty but the moment that it dallies on the line of effortful pleasure, it will be seen in the opposite light. Even today, certain nude photos, in the culturally appropriated context, are appreciated as art, whereas pornographic images are viewed tactlessly and cheaply. The reclining nudes contentiousness can be charted from Cabanels Venus to Manets Olympia through the writers Zola, Clark and Castagnary. They argue that it is the contex t that demarcates the crucial difference of acceptable and refutable works of nudity and explain that these artists, most notably, Manet, disobey traditional conformity by being able to belong to multiple facets of prostitution therefore, in essence, not belonging to any singular categorization. To preface my explication on Manets Olympia, Ill first give some background. Edouard Manet was born on January 29, 1832. He was well educated but showed a great liking toward drawing and the arts. His Uncle Charles Fournier encouraged Manets appreciation for the arts and often took him and his friend, Antonin Proust, on outings to the Louvre. In 1850 Manet entered the studio of Thomas Couture and studied there until 1856. During this time, Paris began its massive transformation of the city under the supervision of Baron Haussmann. Haussmanns revitalization affected the physical environment of Paris as well as the cultural and social atmosphere. Thousands of jobs were created, stores redesigned, and buildings torn down and redeveloped. All of this happened to try to make Paris the most beautiful and cultural city in the world. This idea of change might have prompted Manets decision to paint his Olympia so boldly naked. But I believe the answer lies in the artists lifelong ill-health; it was in fact Manet himself suffered the physical pain from which he suffered on a daily basis was the result of a syphilic virus contracted during one of his aforementioned youthful encounters, a misconception which haunted the artist throughout his life . Taking this point into consideration, one must therefore consider the psychological effects that Manets own feelings of guilt and regret concerning the cause of his illness, and consider the effects that it had upon his life and his work, and thus in turn the way in which those feelings influenced his view of women as a whole, but particularly those of ill-repute. Although he has been hailed as the first modern painter, Manet was inspired by the great tradition of artists like Giorgione, Titian, Velazquez and Raphael, whom the Pre-Raphaelites had rejected. For example, Olympia (1863) is undoubtedly based on Renaissance works and shows his re-examination of old masters where as traditionally, nude figures were always depicted in classical settings or as goddesses, details like the choker and shoes of the subject of this painting make it clear she is a contemporary courtesan. Also, she does not have the typical demure, slightly coy expression the public would expect, but instead looks straight out of the painting in a matter of fact, challenging manner which would be shocking and considered unacceptable at this time. This painting also shows Spanish influences, and was described by a critic as a crazy piece of Spanish madness; due to the way the figure seems to be asserting a powerful physical presence. This idea of a powerful female figure was possibly inspired by the Spanish ballet troop who performed at the Hippodrome in Paris starring a woman called Lola, depicted as a robust, red-blooded figure. In the Salon of 1863, Manets Olympia was criticized her unacceptable composition and directness of gaze while Cabanels Venus, later purchased by Napoleon III, was lauded for its refined eroticism. Castagnary epitomizes this idealized view of the nude in his account of 1863 when he uses the words dazzling, immaculate and naked beauty to describe the nude form of the goddess Venus. Castagnary also comments on Venuss harmonious pose and pure, well arranged contours. Cabanels Venus is perfectly, technically drawn- idealized, devoid of any blemish or body hair. She is sexually passive, characterless and more perfect than is humanly possible- which fitted with the accepted style of the time. According to Frances Borzello, Cabanel adheres to a strict set of conventions when he paints his Venus as historically, the reclining nude is painted in the guise of a classical goddess and tends to lie with her eyes turned from the spectator, half closed, or even closed (as in Cabanels piece), offerin g no obstacle to his free-ranging glances over her body she often stretches out in a landscape whose hummocks and valleys metaphorically echo her curves (hence the significance of the swelling sea Venus floats atop) . The Salon goers were used to seeing paintings with elaborate shades between light and dark, and because Manet covered up nearly all such shades, the critics could not see Olympia as a three dimensional figure, only as an arrangement of flat patterns. But this engaged the eye more, forcing it to assemble continuity from extremes of light and dark. Manet chose instead to paint bold brush strokes, implied shapes, strong simplified forms, and used simple colours. He allowed the viewer to see the paint itself as a part in the painting and to see the texture, and elements of colour. His work looked natural with no actual fixed composition. Olympia beyond doubt shows Manets determination to simplify. Manet highlights his subject with a thick, blackish outline that closes in o n her. As a result, all of these techniques forced the viewer to see Olympia not only as a naked woman, but also as patches of paint precisely laid on the surface of the canvas. Manets use of color in Olympia separates it from many of his other paintings. Olympias chest is very lit up making her the focus of the painting. This flattens the image of Olympia by extracting the roundness of her. Everything in this painting is either light or dark. The light and dark both make up two different planes, the foreground and the background. The white sheets, pillows, flower bouquet, and the servants dress are the entire foreground layer. The dark green curtains and rust like wallpaper make up the background. These two layers, however, are joined together with the servants dark face, the black cat, and Olympias black jewelry. Without these elements the foreground would look like it was just cut out and pasted down on a background. The contrast of colors within Manets painting appeals to the viewers senses. Emotional responses to the painting, such as purity, are caused by the white colors of the bed and the woman upon the sheets. Her white, pure skin tone relates to th e natural association with virgin purity. The darkness that surrounds the women upon the bed then relates to dark, harmful feelings that most relate to evil. The woman upon the bed inhibits the natural innocence of the painting. The flower that is placed within her hair contains colors of pink and red hues. These brighter colors of the painting bring a very strong interest to the womans head and facial features. There are other various color relationships within this painting as well. The different flowers seen in the bouquet can also be seen in the blanket Olympia is laying on. The dress of the servant matches that blanket also. The wall in the background coincides with the couch or bed that she is laying on. Overall the repetition of color allows the painting to flow smoothly. The use of color within the painting allows different perspectives based on feelings and emotions. The subject matter of this painting is both intriguing as well as artistic. The woman, Olympia, is portrayed in a very different way than most of paintings in that time period. Her naked body shows her physical beauty, but the way she is propped upon the bed gives the idea of her not having respect for her personal body. The reason for this is that other paintings of this time show women presenting themselves in a more graceful matter, stereotypically ladylike. Her complete nudity, with the exception of her bracelet, necklace, and shoes shows that she feels that accents are needed to make her beautiful. If the womans view of herself was different she would see herself and her body as a piece of art work within itself. Her jewelry, flower, and shoes show us she needs more to feel beauty outwardly. The bed beneath her gives the pretrial of laziness because it is unmade. Yet the lines of the sheets accent her body curves to give an even idea of shape. Some might view her as a sexual par tner to many men because of her willingness to be nude and the flowers that are being brought to her by the servant. The flowers symbolize Olympia being very lady-like, and proper. However she maintains a very impersonal relationship with the viewer because of her flat gaze. Camille Lemonnier states that in order for a nude to stay pure in art she must be made impersonal and this is what Cabanel does by draping the arm across Venuss face, obscuring it and allowing her just to peek out through half-closed eyelids and by ridding her body of imperfections (which explains the absence of pubic hair) that make her personalized, and therefore flawed. The view that comes across very strongly in Castagnarys account is that all artists that paint nudes should strive to create perfection. This is a very different view compared to both Zola and Clark. Cabanel also includes the group of flying cupids that accompany Venus on her journey (to finally stand erect and reveal herself to men as Castagnary puts it). They play the part of the necessary allegorical trappings that must be included in a traditional reclining nude, as the aim of the painter is to elevate his model to goddess status and present her idealized, modest form to the spectator to appreciate and admire in her immaculate beauty. By placing cupids in his painting it ensured that the spectator would know that this was Venus- not just a naked girl Cabanel got to model for him, a mistake Manet makes with his Olympia. The fact that Manet copied his model, in Zolas words, just as she was caused much shock and outrage among the crowd at the salon of 1863. Manet disrupted the convention that the reclining nude should in no way cause embarrassment to the viewer. He caused a scandal by posing his model as a modern woman (with no allusions to her being a goddess) who stared boldly back at the spectator, challenging and discomforting. In Zolas account of Manets Olympia he focuses on the technical merits of the painting and highlights the new style that Manet was painting in, saying that everything is simplified and that if you wish to construct reality you must step back a bit, he believes Manet had performed a miracle. This view differs highly from Castagnarys, as in his account of Cabanels Venus he stresses the fact that Cabanel is a skilful draughtsman and much emphasis is placed on creating a technically correct painting. However it is my view that Venus in Cabanels work doesnt sit as comfortably in her setting as Manets Olympia does in hers. To me Venus appears stuck on to the crest of the wave- as if Cabanel had sketched his model first and added the background in later, working it around his model and not actually incorporating her into the scene very effectively. However, despite Manets miracle brushwork and his courteous nod to Titians Venus of Urbino people found the painting offensive. We can clearly distinguish Olympia as being a courtesan and this is what I believe caused the public react in a hostile manner towards it. She is adorned with many of the trappings that would have been familiar to them as they would have been able to tell she was a prostitute- her pink flower placed on the side of her head, her black ribbon around her neck and slipper dangling from her foot. A black maid offers flowers to her- no doubt sent by one of her clients, also whereas Titians Venus delicately covers her sex, Olympias flexed hand firmly protects hers, as if to refuse to let the viewers eye roam freely over her. This, accompanied with her calm, almost insolent glare further adds to the feeling of discomfort the visitors to the salon must have felt. There were many prostitutes around at this time that chose ancient names for themselves (like for example Olympia and Aphrodite) and numerous members of the nobility kept open mistresses. It was normal to go about your business and family life during the day then mix with women like Olympia at night. These high class men would have attended the Salon with their families and been confronted with something from their other life- a prostitute. The fact that she was a prostitute elevated to goddess status many people thought was unacceptable. Countless felt that this kind of image didnt fit in the setting of a respectable salon. Its because of this fact that Zola states that Manets work is more real than any other- when other painters correct nature (as Cabanel does in his work) they lie why not tell the truth? He says that Olympia is a girl of our own times whom we have met in the streets. Manet incorporated the present with the classical in a way that had never been seen before, it was a comment on society but more importantly he wanted to capture his subject as she really was. Titian turned his model into a goddess, whereas Manet turned Titians goddess back into a simple woman. Here we see the differences in Castagnary and Zolas opinion. Its my impression that Castagnary advocated that nudes should be objects of perfection to be viewed as a way of deepening our appreciation of beauty, whereas Zola stresses the importance of telling the truth and painting from real life, to create a comment on society. However Clark takes a different stance on the nude altogether and argues that the nudes purpose is to stir erotic feelings within us- if it fails in this objective he believes the artist has created bad art. Clark says this is the obvious point of the nude, and that however abstract, it shouldnt fail to arouse in us some vestige of erotic feeling. Manets Olympia certainly does this and so do countless other artists versions of the nude. Artists like Giorgione and Ingres show how the nude can be erotic in the traditional sense and artists such as Henry Moore, Modigliani, Picasso and Egon Schiele have explored new ways of portraying the nude- set free by Manets rebellion in 1863. However I do not wholly agree with Clarks view that the nude should always be erotic as I think that the nude evoke other feelings besides this. For example Egon Schiele can emit the feeling that is conveyed to me is one of intense vulnerability and this is something Clarke doesnt explore at all. To be nude/naked is to be stripped of our clothes, laid bare for all to see with nothing to hide us. It is true to say also that many nude paintings are too erotic- to the point where as a spectator you feel more like a v oyeur. Lucien Freuds painting Naked Girl Asleep for example, shocks me whenever I look at it, as do any of his paintings. However it is true to say that in the period we are living in we have been desensitized, which makes me believe that my reaction to Freuds work is similar to the salon goers of Manets day, to his Olympia. Its my opinion that the subject in Naked Girl Asleep is placed centrally on the canvas so that it forces you to look at her (much like how Manet made the focal point of his painting, Olympias eyes where she challenges you to engage with her). Everything in Freuds piece seems too stark and amplified, the rib cage juts out and the skin tone of the girl has an almost death like quality. Funnily enough this view is very similar to comments made by critics of Manets time about Olympias dirty flesh. I think it is very important to remind ourselves therefore of the period that each of these extracts were written in, as both Castagnary and Zolas account come from 1863, whereas the extract from Clarks book was written in 1956 and therefore what society found acceptable as art had changed quite dramatically. For centuries the reclining nude had been constrained by rules and conventions. After 1900 a reclining nude could be fractured by cubism or dissolved by abstraction painters were able to depict the previously unemitable. The nudes are no longer passive like Cabanels Venus but force you to interact with them, as did Manets Olympia. However, I do agree with Clarkes point that a nude should be erotic, but I dont believe that is its only purpose. I also agree with his point that if it does not evoke any feeling then it is bad art and I think this is true to says of all art in every genre. I believe a painting has to make you feel something whether its a bad feeling or a good one, as then it is creating a response- this is what I believe good art does. For me I get more out of looking at Manets Olympia than I do looking at Cabanels Venus as I feel there is more to engage with in the painting- the black servant presenting a bouquet of flowers, the cat arching its back and the mystery this creates. Is the cat arching his back and hissing because an unexpected person has just walked into Olympias room? Has Olympia sat up straighter, placed her hand coyly over her pubic area and met an unannounced guest with accusing, challenging eyes? Are we, as the spectator, in the position of someone bursting in? Is it us she chall enges, looking out as we look in? Cabanels painting in contrast fills me with none of these questions apart from the fact that I want to know why it is that Cabanel thought it acceptable to plonk Venus on top of the wave; I feel that she and the background do not fit together at all. Saying this I wouldnt say that Cabanels Venus was completely devoid of any erotic overtones, as I believe the way she gazes out at the spectator through half closed eyes is, in a way, inviting. I think the main thing that irritates me about this painting though is her passivity, almost as if she cant be bothered to really acknowledge you. She seems resigned to the fact that she is there as an object of desire and just accepts it. Whereas Olympia is much more aware of her sexuality and is in control of it- this to me, living in a post-feminist era is a lot more interesting and I feel I can identify with the painting more. In conclusion I believe that each of the writers attitudes towards the nude in the three extracts is valid and interesting. I can see Castagnarys point that the nude should be perfect as it can be an object of beauty, but this is an idealized view of how a woman should be. This view is still prevalent today in the culture we live in, where we are bombarded with images of perfect (often airbrushed models) on a daily basis. The idea of what perfection is may have changed but the concept has not. I believe that Zolas opinion that painters should tell the truth is correct in reference to painting the nude, as I agree with showing the body as it is, complete with every blemish as Picasso said if it is pure (as Venus is in Cabanels painting) it is not art . I also agree with Clark to some extent when he says that a nudes purpose is to be erotic, but I do not believe that this is its only purpose. The nude can evoke all sorts of feelings within the viewer- feelings of pity, of empathy, of a mazement, or of appreciation of our human bodies. To be nude is to revert back to the way we were in the beginning. Bibliography CLARK, T.J.- Olympias Choice, The Painting Of Modern Life- Princeton- 1984- p. 212, p.214 BORZELLO, Frances- Nude Awakening- The Guardian Online- 2009 (Found athttp://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,824240,00.html) CLARK, Kenneth- The Nude- A Study Of Ideal Art- John Murray- London- 1956; repr 1957- p. 6